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Objective:To learn about the epidemic law of animal plague in natural plague focus of Himalayan Marmot in Yumen City of Gansu Province, to explore the epidemiological characteristics of plague in the area and to provide scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies of the plague. Methods:The animal plague surveillance data of natural plague focus of Himalayan Marmot in Yumen City, Gansu Province from 2014 to 2021 were collected, main host density, rate of infected with fleas, flea index, small rodent species, bacteriology, serology were studied. Excel 2007 software was used to analyze the plague epidemic situation in the focus. Results:From 2014 to 2021, the total average density was 0.06 per hm 2 of the marmots. A total of 19 300 traps were placed, and 209 rats were caught, with an average catch rate of 1.08%. Among them, Dipus sagitta (59.81%, 125/209) and Mongolian Five-toed Jerboa(31.10%, 65/209) were dominant small rodent species. Totally 877 marmots were checked, 184 with flea. The rate of infected with fleas of marmots was 20.98%, with a flea index of 1.00, Callopsylla dolabris (52.69%, 461/875) and Oropsylla silantiewi (47.20%, 413/875) were dominant species in vector. The rate of infected with fleas of burrow was 7.72% (173/2 241), with a flea index of 0.20. A total of 39 strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated from infected animals. Among them, 35 strains from the marmots, and 4 strains from vectors. Totally 913 serum samples were checked from marmots and shepherd dog, the positive serum was 34. Among them, the positive rate of shepherd dog was 13.98% (33/236). Conclusions:The plague epidemic situation in natural plague focus of Himalayan Marmot in Yumen City of Gansu Province is still serious. The monitoring of plague should be strengthened, and the comprehensive measures for prevention and control of the plague should be carried out to prevent a outbreak of the plague in human being.
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Objective:To learn about the epidemiological characteristics and trends of brucellosis in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia), and to provide reference for formulation of brucellosis prevention strategies and identification of key areas.Methods:The case data from 2004 to 2019 were collected from the "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System Infectious Disease Monitoring and Reporting System", and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution of cases (time, population, and regional distribution).Results:From 2004 to 2019, a total of 15 337 human brucellosis cases and 1 death case were reported in Ningxia. The average annual incidence rate was 15.21/100 000, ranging from 0.02/100 000 to 44.83/100 000. The difference in incidence rate in different years was statistically significant (χ 2 = 14 731.60, P < 0.001). Among them, from 2004 to 2010, the incidence rate was low, with an average annual incidence rate of 1.32/100 000; from 2011 to 2019, it entered a high incidence stage, with an average annual incidence rate of 24.83/100 000. Brucellosis occured in every month of the year, and the onset time was mainly in March to September, accounting for 71.60% (10 981/15 337); seasonal indexes from April to August was all > 100%, with obvious seasonality. The age of onset mainly concentrated in 20 - < 70 years old, accounting for 89.60% (13 742/15 337); males were significantly more than females, with a sex ratio of 2.66 ∶ 1.00 (11 141/4 196); the occupations were mainly farmers and herdsmen, accounting for 86.03% (13 194/15 337). Since 2014, cases had been reported in 22 counties (districts, cities) in the region, all of which were all severely endemic areas; the top three counties (districts) with incidence rate were Yanchi County (103.73/100 000), Hongsibao District (56.01/100 000) and Tongxin County (29.18/ 100 000), respectively, the difference between different regions was statistically significant (χ 2 = 3.80, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The incidence rate of brucellosis in Ningxia is on the rise, and the epidemic situation is severe. It is recommended to carry out active and effective intervention measures in areas with high incidence of brucellosis to curb the further spread of brucellosis.
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Objective:To investigate the epidemic trend and epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Chengyang District of Qingdao City, and to provide a theoretical reference for formulating scientific prevention and control measures.Methods:The data of confirmed and clinically diagnosed brucellosis cases with current address in Chengyang District of Qingdao City reported by China Disease Control and Prevention Information System from January 2016 to December 2020 were collected, and the epidemic trend, three-dimensional distribution, clinical characteristics, case consultation and disease outcome and epidemiological history of human brucellosis were descriptively analyzed.Results:From 2016 to 2020, 23 cases of human brucellosis were reported in Chengyang District of Qingdao City, with an annual incidence of 0.52/100 000, and the incidence was decreasing year by year (χ 2trend = 7.83, P = 0.005). The onset time was mainly distributed in spring and summer, of which spring (1, 5 and 5 cases respectively from March to May) accounted for 47.83% (11/23), and summer (1, 4 and 1 cases respectively from June to August) accounted for 26.09% (6/23). There were 13 cases of males and 10 cases of females, the ratio of male to female was 1.30 ∶ 1.00; the age of onset was (52.52 ± 14.67) years old, mainly from 40 to 65 years old, accounted for 65.22% (15/23); farmers accounted for 69.57% (16/23). The largest number of reported cases was in Chengyang Street (6 cases), followed by Xiazhuang Street (4 cases) and Liuting Street (4 cases), accounted for 60.87% (14/23). The main clinical manifestations were fever (21 cases, 91.30%), followed by muscle and joint soreness (18 cases, 78.26%), fatigue (18 cases, 78.26%), and hyperhidrosis (15 cases, 65.22%). The median time interval from onset to diagnosis was 27 days, and 82.61% (19/23) of the cases were diagnosed as brucellosis at the acute stage. After follow-up, 21 cases (91.30%) reached the recovery standard, and 2 cases (8.70%) improved. Verified by the epidemiological investigation, 23 cases of human brucellosis had multiple routes of infection. The main mode of infection was direct contact, including feeding suspected sick animals (8 cases, 34.78%), contacting urine, feces and other excrement of suspected sick animals (8 cases, 34.78%), delivering suspected sick animals/disposing the apoblema (5 cases, 21.74%), and slaughtering/contacting raw lamb (4 cases, 17.39%). Conclusions:From 2016 to 2020, the incidence of human brucellosis in Chengyang District of Qingdao City has decreased year by year. It occurs frequently in spring and summer, mainly in middle-aged and elderly male farmers. The main clinical manifestation is fever and there are multiple ways of infection. It is recommended to take multiple measures to strengthen health education, behavioral intervention and regular monitoring.
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ObjectiveTo understand the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome （SFTS）， and the association with seasonal fluctuation in tick density， so as to provide scientific evidence for better control and prevention measures. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the SFTS epidemic situation in Chongyang County from 2013 to 2021. The cloth flag method was used to investigate the seasonal fluctuation in tick density and determine the association with the SFTS. ResultsA total of 71 SFTS cases were reported in Chongyang County from 2013 to 2021 including 8 deaths， with the annual morbidity rate of 1.88/10-5. The majority were mainly from June to August， accounting for 61.97% of the total reported cases. The cases were geographically distributed in 41 administrative villages and 4 urban areas in 11 towns. The highest incidence was in Lukou town （n=26） and Baini town （n=12）， which accounted for 53.52% of the total reported cases. Furthermore， the cases were mainly 50‒69 years old， accounting for 57.75% of the total reported cases. The ratio of male to female was 1.84∶1， and most were farmers. Blood samples during acute phase in 41 cases were collected for examination of SFTS virus， of which 25 cases tested positive （60.98%）. There was a positive association between tick density and the number of reported SFTS cases （r=0.78， P=0.003）. ConclusionSeasonal density of free adult ticks and nymphs is associated with the number of reported SFTS cases in Chongyang County.
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Objective To understand the incidence characteristics and epidemic tendency of notifiable infectious diseases （NID） among children aged 0 to 6 years old in Hudong Community of Shanghai from 2011 to 2018， in order to provide a scientific basis for the accurate prevention and control measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the data of NID. Results A total of 1 401 cases of eight different NID were reported in children aged 0 to 6 from 2011 to 2018 in Hudong Community， with an average annual incidence rate of3 536.63/105， and there were no dead cases. The incidence rates of different years were statistically significant （P<0.001）. The top five diseases were hand， foot and mouth disease （HFMD）， chickenpox， mumps， influenza and scarlet fever， which accounted for 97.79% of all cases. The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases peaked during the months of May to September and November， and that of respiratory infectious diseases peaked from April to June and from November to January. The average incidence rate of males was 4 118.81/105， and that of females was 2 930.87/105. The gender ratio （male︰female） was 1.41∶1， with statistical significance （P<0.001）. The intestinal infectious diseases mainly occurred in children aged one to four years old， accounting for 79.09%， and the respiratory infectious diseases mainly occurred in children aged four to six years old， accounting for 63.46%. The incidence and spectrum of NID varied in different age groups. The main population affected was those children from kindergartens， which accounted for 55.46% of all cases. Conclusion Infectious diseases threatening the health of children aged 0~6 years old in Hudong Community are mainly intestinal infectious diseases， especially HFMD. The targeted prevention and control strategies should be carried out according to the epidemic features so as to prevent the occurrence of outbreaks and epidemics of infectious diseases.
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Objective To characterize the epidemic status and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis(TB)from 2008 to 2017 in Songjiang District of Shanghai for the development of TB prevention and control strategies. Methods According to case registration data in the TB management information system, statistical analysis was performed on the epidemic situation, epidemiological characteristics and treatment outcomes of TB cases in Songjiang District from 2008 to 2017. Results There were 5 516 reported cases in 2008-2017 in Songjiang District. The average annual reported incidence was 33.58/100 000, which was declining(χ2 = 6.13, P < 0.05). The incidence was significantly higher in the floating population than that in the household registered population(χ2 = 263.28, P < 0.05). In the cases, gender ratio was 2.17 : 1. More than 70% of the cases were between 15 and 44 years old. The majority of the cases were workers(34.95%), followed by housework or unemployed(16.28%). The proportion of TB case responding to the treatment was 93.38%, which was 93.41% for newly diagnosed cases and 92.86% for previously treated cases. The failure rate in the previously treated smear-positive cases was significantly higher than newly treated smear-positive cases(χ2 = 4.96, P < 0.05). Conclusion TB epidemic in Songjiang District remained at a low level in 2008-2017;however, it is far away from the termination of TB. We should further strengthen the prevention and control of TB, especially in the 15-44 years old workers and unemployed young population.
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Objective To investigate the pathogenesis characteristics and epidemic tendency of notifiable infectious diseases (NID) in Zhujing County of Shanghai from 2013 to 2017, and to provide scientific basis for effective prevention and control measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to statistically analyze the epidemic data of NID in Zhujing County of Shanghai during 2013-2017 reported by the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Results A total of 3 259 cases of 17 different NID were reported in Zhujing County of shanghai during 2013-2017.The average annual incidence rate was 509.89/105, A total of 7 cases of death were reported and average annual rate of mortality was 1.10/105.No type A NID was reported and a total of 1 089 cases of 13 type B NID were reported, with the average annual incidence rate of type A and B NID being 170.38/105; a total of 2 170 cases of 4 type C NID were reported, with the average annual incidence rate of type C NID being 339.51/105. The top 5 diseases were HFMD, influenza, syphilis, gonorrhea and tuberculosis, accounting for 32.46%, 25.65%, 17.40%, 7.24% and 5.43% of the total.The onset was mainly to occur from May to August and from December to January, mostly in 0-6 years and 18-40 years groups.Most of the cases were students, scattered children, nursery children, farmers, workers.The incidence rate was higher in men than in women, and the incidence rate of household-registered residents in this city was higher than that of floating population.Intestinal infectious diseases were the main components. Conclusion As HFMD, influenza, syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis prove to be the key NID in Zhujing County of Shanghai, we should act according to the epidemic features of the infectious diseases to formulate perfect control strategy to prevent the outbreak and prevalence of infectious diseases.
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Objective To investigate the pathogenesis characteristics and epidemic tendency of notifiable infectious diseases (NID) in Zhujing County of Shanghai from 2013 to 2017, and to provide scientific basis for effective prevention and control measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to statistically analyze the epidemic data of NID in Zhujing County of Shanghai during 2013-2017 reported by the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Results A total of 3 259 cases of 17 different NID were reported in Zhujing County of shanghai during 2013-2017.The average annual incidence rate was 509.89/105, A total of 7 cases of death were reported and average annual rate of mortality was 1.10/105.No type A NID was reported and a total of 1 089 cases of 13 type B NID were reported, with the average annual incidence rate of type A and B NID being 170.38/105; a total of 2 170 cases of 4 type C NID were reported, with the average annual incidence rate of type C NID being 339.51/105. The top 5 diseases were HFMD, influenza, syphilis, gonorrhea and tuberculosis, accounting for 32.46%, 25.65%, 17.40%, 7.24% and 5.43% of the total.The onset was mainly to occur from May to August and from December to January, mostly in 0-6 years and 18-40 years groups.Most of the cases were students, scattered children, nursery children, farmers, workers.The incidence rate was higher in men than in women, and the incidence rate of household-registered residents in this city was higher than that of floating population.Intestinal infectious diseases were the main components. Conclusion As HFMD, influenza, syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis prove to be the key NID in Zhujing County of Shanghai, we should act according to the epidemic features of the infectious diseases to formulate perfect control strategy to prevent the outbreak and prevalence of infectious diseases.
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Objective To analyze and forecast the epidemic of the new coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in Hubei Province. Methods Exponential Smoothing Model was applied to fit the tendency of the number of confirmed cases, discharged cases, death cases, severe cases and critical cases. Results The epidemic of COVID-19 in Hubei province has been gradually alleviated, the rapid remission period and slow remission period were occurred after February 18th and March 21st, respectively. The Exponential Smoothing Model was significantly fit well and the fitting values were basically consistent with the actual values. Predicted results indicated that the number of existing confirmed cases was expected to reduce to less than 1 000 on April 2nd, and was mainly consist of severe and critical cases. Conclusions The prevention and control measures of COVID-19 in Hubei province were effective, and the Exponential Smoothing Model was applicable to predicate the epidemic of COVID-19.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County from 2010 to 2015, and to provide practical scientific basis for the development of effective prevention and control measures. Methods The case data of pediatric hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County were analyzed from the Chinese disease prevention and control information system. The epidemiological analysis of case distribution was carried out. Results There were 6944 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County from 2010 to 2015, the average annual incidence rate was 199.54/10 million. The disease had obvious seasonal peak, mainly in the period from April to July, and the second peak appeared in some years. The incidence is mainly from 1-3 years old population, the youngest is one month old, the oldest is 26 years old;the ratio of male to female is 1.49:1. Conclusion The epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County are obvious seasonal, population and regional. In order to protect children's health, it's need to carry out the prevention and control of diseases actively according to the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD.
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The situation of the ongoing fifth epidemic (beginning October,2016) of human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus are more serious than the first four ones.As of March 8,2017,the fifth epidemic reported 40.00％ of the cumulative cases.Recently,the pathogenic study reported two new human infections in Guangdong with an influenza A(H7N9)virus strain for which gene sequencing analysis revealed mutations in the haemagglutinin (HA) gene that resulted in the insertion of basic amino acids at the cleavage site of this protein,known to confer increased pathogenicity in chickens.However,most strains show no obvious difference in pathogenic characteristics compared with those detected during the first four waves.Although epidemiological studies showed that 3 clusters with limited human-to-human transmission have been investigated during the current wave,there are no indications of sustained person-to-person spread.Based on epidemic analysis and risk assessment results,it's likely that human infections with H7N9 virus will continue to occur in China,but epidemiological and pathogenic analysis suggested that it's unlikely to have a continued transmission of this virus.Profound public health significance would be presented by strengthening etiology and epidemiology studies of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County from 2010 to 2015, and to provide practical scientific basis for the development of effective prevention and control measures. Methods The case data of pediatric hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County were analyzed from the Chinese disease prevention and control information system. The epidemiological analysis of case distribution was carried out. Results There were 6944 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County from 2010 to 2015, the average annual incidence rate was 199.54/10 million. The disease had obvious seasonal peak, mainly in the period from April to July, and the second peak appeared in some years. The incidence is mainly from 1-3 years old population, the youngest is one month old, the oldest is 26 years old;the ratio of male to female is 1.49:1. Conclusion The epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Jiashan County are obvious seasonal, population and regional. In order to protect children's health, it's need to carry out the prevention and control of diseases actively according to the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of human and livestock brucellosis in Zhejiang Province in recent sixty years and to put forward countermeasures for prevent and control.Methods Related data of prevention and cure of human and livestock brucellosis were collected from 1 996 to 201 4 and descriptive analysis was conducted.Results The positive rate of the livestock's bacteria was up to 22. 28%in the history of Zhejiang Province.Epidemic foci of B.canis and B.bovis in Zhejiang Province were confirmed.After achieving stability control standards of brucellosis,the positive rate of livestock brucellosis was low.But in recent years,meat goats from the north and local sheep have been detected positive for brucellosis in many places.The first case of brucellosis in Zhejiang Province was confirmed in 1 967.But only in the occupational population,there were sporadic cases of chronic stable type or occult infection.A total of 506 brucellosis cases have been reported and 767 new infections have been detected since the reappear of human brucellosis in 2003.The annual report incidence rate was increasing(χ2trend =9. 533,P=0. 002).There were nine cases of human brucellosis outbreak, occurring in Shaoxing,Hangzhou,Ningbo,Jinhua,Jiaxing and Quzhou City respectively.In the human or the animal, there were five biotypes and a total of 82 strains were detected.The dominant strains of Brucella was B .melitensis type 3. Conclusion At present the epidemic of livestock brucellosis in Zhejiang Province is mainly imported.The human epidemic mainly associated with input focus by livestock.With the increasing input of foreign sheep year by year ,human epidemic is at risk and there is a risk of proliferation.Therefore,we should strengthen the joint prevention and control of brucellosis and health and animal husbandry departments should take comprehensive prevention and control measures to fight against human and livestock brucellosis together.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of malaria surveillance and control of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2013,and explore the suited surveillance and management of imported malaria cases,so as to provide the evidence for formulat?ing the scientific control measures of imported malaria. Methods The endemic data and control measures of malaria in Guangxi in 2013 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 1 251 malaria cases were found in Guangxi in 2013,with 88.25%(1 104 cases)of falciparum malaria,8.63%(108 cases)of vivax malaria,0.64%(8 cases)of quartan malaria,1.52%(19 cases)of ovale malaria,and 0.96%(12 cases)of mixed infection;93.21%(1 166 cases)were off?farm workers;96.56%(1 208 cases)were imported from Africa and mainly consisted of falciparum malaria cases;3.44%(43 cases)were imported from southeast Asia and mainly consisted of vivax malaria cases. The cases of imported malaria were increasing and the infection rate in 2013 was increased by 464%compared with that in 2012. Conclusion The imported malaria cases in Guangxi mainly come from Africa at present. Promoting the health education and professional skill of malaria control and treatment ,as well as the diagnosis and treatment of the patients in early time are important measures to control the imported malaria.
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Objectives To analyze and compare four correction methods for measuring thyroid volume,and to find out the best one for thyroid volume correction of children aged 8-10.Methods In 2012 and 2013,the project was carried out in iodine deficient rural areas (water iodine below 10 μg/L) of Jilin and Gansu Provinces,10 villages in each province were chosen as survey sites,and 40 children of 8 to 10 years old were chosen from each village,half boys and half girls.Utrasonography was adopted to determine the thyroid volume,and height and weight were measured.The thyroid volume was corrected by Body Mass Indicator(BMI),weight and height,body surface,and height,separately.Body Mass Indicator corrected Volume (BMIV),Weight and Height corrected Volume Indicator(WHVI),Body Surface Area corrected Volume(BSAV) and Height corrected Volume Indicator(HVI) were calculated and compared with their original thyroid volumes to find out the best one.Results Datas of 450 and 408 children were collected from Jilin and Gansu Provinces,separately.According to their original thyroid volumes,goiter rates of Jilin and Gansu were 10.4％ (47/450) and 0.5％ (2/408),respectively.All these four methods could decrease the difference between provinces and sexes.Among the four methods,WHIV and BSAV were abnormal for correction of different ages,heights and weights.HVI had the most normalized distribution and stronger correlation with the original thyroid volumes than others(r =0.961).The HVI corrected results had similar distribution with the original thyroid volume but the data were different.After being adjusted by 1.7 × HVI,the results were close to the original thyroid volumes.Goiters in Jilin and Gansu Provinces,were 9.1％(41/450) and 0.5％(2/408),respectively,after correction.Conclusion The 1.7 × HVI is the most suitable method for correcting the thyroid volume of children aged 8-10.
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Para confeccionar la presente revisión se utilizaron bases de datos disponibles en INFOMED, (PUDMED e HINARI;) utilizando los descriptores epidemics models, epidemics contact patterns y epidemics spatio-temporal. Se realizaron observaciones, entrevistas individuales y grupales con el personal de Epidemiología de la provincia de Camagüey y Ciudad Habana. Se destaca el hecho de que existe abundante bibliografía actualizada en las bases de datos de INFOMED, la cual muestra tendencia internacional al uso de herramientas matemáticas propias del enfoque de la complejidad. En el caso específico de la Epidemiología se aprecia en el mundo el uso de modelos matemáticos de avanzada, análisis cartográficos dinámicos y el establecimiento de patrones de contacto de las poblaciones, lo que pone en evidencia que la toma de decisiones se vale de métodos científicos de avanzada propios del enfoque de los sistemas complejos. Se concluye que urge el reconocimiento de la no linealidad de los procesos epidemiológicos, para que la calidad de la vigilancia epidemiológica se enriquezca con este tipo de análisis.
To make the present review, available databases were used such as: INFOMED, (PUDMED and HINARI;) using "epidemics models", "epidemics contact patterns" and "epidemics spatio-temporal" as describers. Observations, individual and group interviews with the Epidemiology staff of Camagüey province and Havana City were performed. It stands out the fact that abundant updated bibliography in INFOMED databases exists, which shows international tendency to the use of mathematical tools typical of the complexity approach. In the specific case of Epidemiology it is appreciated all over the world the use of advanced mathematical models, dynamic cartographic analysis and the establishment of patterns of the populations' contact, what puts in evidence that taking decisions uses scientific methods of advanced characteristic to the complex systems approach. It is concluded that urges the recognition of the nonlinearity of the epidemic processes, so that the quality of the epidemic surveillance gets rich with this kind of analysis.
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EpidemiologyABSTRACT
Objective To understand the epidemic feature of measles in Inner Mongolia from 2004 to 2008 so as to provide scientific evidence for measles control.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the epidemiology of measles from 2004 to 2008 based on the data collected from the regular report system of infectious diseases and annual statistics of measles.Results 11 880 cases were reported in Inner Mongolia from 2004 to 2008 and the average annual incidence was 9.94/100 thousand.The incidence was 14.96/100 thousand in 2005,when the incidence was the highest.There was a difference in the incidence in different years (P